Finance in Expert Motor Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2322 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1. What is the magnitude of the foreign exchange exposure for each of the currencies in exhibit 1? EXHIBIT 1: COUNTRY GROSS BUY ($) GROSS SALES($) NET EXPOSURE GERMANY 5,845 2,400 3,445 U.K. 440 2,245 -1805 BULGARIA 1,390 1,340 50 CZECH REPUBLIC 380 920 -540 HUNGARY 705 560 145 TURKEY 180 530 -350 CYPRUS 485 465 20 POLAND 0 255 -255 U.S. 255 140 115 CANADA 55 750 -695 JAPAN 455 0 455 AUSTRALIA 195 0 195 OTHERS 0 785 -785 TOTAL $10,385 $10,390 -5 2. Does the exposure to the Euro help or hinder to the competitive performance of Expert Motor? To some extent the increased importance for companies in addressing the problems of foreign currency exchange rates is as a result of the internationalization of modern business (Copeland, 2005). This process is resulting in the growth of world trade relative to national economies and is also reflective of a trend towards economic integration in Europe in particular (Butler, 2000). Therefore as a multinational automobile company the management of exposure is a critical strategic decision in the company gaining a competitive advantage over its major competitors in different European countries. The exposure to the Euro can be discussed from both positive and negative perspectives which respectively affect the competitive performance of EM trades and international operations. Firstly the Euro is a relatively strong currency recently thus the competitiveness of domestic producers in Euro countries is not as robust when compared to the position of manufacturers that are based in weak currency countries. This is due to the high costs faced by those manufacturers which as a result are able to provide EM as a non-domestic company resulting price advantages. Secondly corresponding to the strong performance of the Euro Expert Motors has tended towards diversifying its production locations in order to benefit from lower wage levels and weaker currency countries and balance its exposure to Euro accordingly. Nevertheless since 1979 the member countries of the EU have operated national policies coordinating currency relationships towards closer monetary integration thus minimizing the ability to benefit from varied currency cost levels within Europe (Christou, 1992). So EM can benefit from its treasure function being located in Budapest in certain ways. From this point of view it is interesting to note that when the Euro depreciated against the US dollar but appreciated ag ainst the mark it is hard to say that exposure to the Euro only had negative influences. In contrast exposure including transaction exposure and translation exposure obviously may hinder the competitive performance of EM or create losses for the company. For example the diversified locations of producers can not only reduce economies of scale, which is particularly vital for a motor maker, but also raise the cost of goods transactions. Additionally in terms of investment the exposure to Euro might reduce the profit margins ultimately on investment return due to appreciation of the Euro which might occur in the future. 3. How would the parent company in Florida view the situation if the gross buys and gross sales in Germany were reversed? EMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main business is conducted in Germany thus there will be a significant influence on the strategic decision process made in the parent company in Florida due to a change in the gross buys and gross sales evidenced thus far by EM. It is obvious in exhibit one that the purchasing of product elements occurs mainly in Germany and also at the same time that the major revenues of the company also originates from Germany. Therefore if the gross buys and gross sales were reversed there will be a decisive effect on EMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s profit levels as a result of currency exposure (Pike Neale, 2003). Additionally the German Mark is relatively strong and the strategic exposure management decisions made in the parent company will see it is a good point for the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment in terms of return. Although the cost of material and labour is comparatively higher in Germany profit return levels are attractive. Furthermore competitive market share might be achieved by the reversed gross sales in terms of competing with EMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main competitors Volkswagen/Audi and Opel/ Vauxhall. Through its diversified suppliers in weaker currency countries the value of investment in Germany mi ght drive the parent company to decide to use revenues in Germany to balance its exposure elsewhere. 4. The data in the case address the currency flows for Expert Motors in Europe that tracked by the regional treasury centre in Budapest. However, another issue involves the stock of assets that the firm has in Europe. Speculate on what you think might be happening to the value of Expert Motorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ investment in Europe in the light of various currency appreciations and depreciations, especially the Euro. When hard currencies such as the Euro are likely to appreciate the value of assets will increase while the value of liabilities within EMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investments will decrease. In contrast if soft currencies depreciate the value of will assets tend to decrease but the value of liabilities will increase (Dixit Pindyck, 1995). In relation to the occurrence of devaluation EM should tighten its credit terms in order to decrease accounts receivable and reduce le vels of cash flow. This is to say the value of investment might be higher than the expected level as well as display an unexpected loss. There is a significant effect on currency flows in terms of which when the home currency appreciates EM should avoid receiving payment from suppliers but instead adopt a policy of using forward contracts to reduce exposure risks. At the same time there might also be relatively small changes in exchange rates in other European countries which can provide EM with opportunities to balance its cash flow. In addition in this case the company received a range of tax benefits from nationally pursued governmental policies in Hungary. By setting up a regional coordination centre there Expert Motors not only benefits from the absence of registration tax but also enables banks to finance investment projects through the centre at a much lower level than that available in other European countries. This provides EM with a competitive advantage in terms of invest ment in Hungary which allows the company to respond to depreciation and appreciation events more effectively in balancing its investments across Europe holistically. 5. What techniques and financial instruments might the TRC employ to control its currency exposure? Explain these techniques in the light of Czech Republic currency situation? The concept of hedging is essential in managing currency exposure risk including both translation and transaction exposure. Hedging currency exposure means establishing an offsetting currency position so whatever is lost or gained on the original currency exposure is exactly balanced by a corresponding foreign exchange gain or loss on the currency hedge, (Shapiro, 2003). In terms of transaction exposure the company might employ protection measures which include the usage of forward contracts, price adjustment, currency options, and borrowing or lending in the foreign currency. Likewise the TRC could try to invoice all transactions in dollars . However this can not avoid currency exposure risks entirely because of the future costs and revenues involved in such transactions. In the case of Czech Republic currency situation where the Czech Republic Koruny is comparatively weak EM has a competitive advantage over their major competitors due to the political contexts in which the TRC is embedded. In a forward market hedge EM can transform the currency by selling or buying forward dependent on if the company is long or short CRK. In doing this, no matter what happens to the exchange rate of CRK EM still can collect its sale revenue upon which the dollar value is fixed. Alternatively EM could avoid its transaction exposure altogether if the supplier allowed it to price the sale in dollars which shifts risks from EM to the buyers. This is because firms attempt to invoice exports in strong currencies and imports in weak currencies, (Shapiro, 2003). Additionally the call option is one which might be quite appropriate to EMà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s situation in the Czech Republic. It is a valuable risk management tool because by buying a call option on the foreign currency the firm is able to purchase at a maximum dollar price together with forward contracts in order to hedge the exposure to foreign currency. 6. What financial benefits if any, does Expert Motors have for locating its treasury function in Budapest, Hungary? What benefits, if any, accrue to Hungary? The treasury function helps EM to centralize its treasury decisions and act in a coordinated fashion in treasury matters. Additionally Hungary has provided an excellent environment for EM in terms of varied forms of tax benefits and exemptions from foreign exchange regulations. In general then translation exposure is treated as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ matter, (Heywood, 1984). In that the hedging decisions are made at head office with a focus on protecting future streams of earnings. Yet the protection of current earnings may be bet ter handled it can be argued at local level by an increase in the response times to currency rate fluctuations. Through location of its treasury function in Budapest EM is able to take advantage of locating on the European continent which is the main area in which it does business. First of all the advantage comes from the obvious benefits from tax breaks as well as investment opportunities. In this way when currencies in other European countries depreciate the risks can be shifted through the potential gains at treasury functional level. This is the simplest way for EM to deal with small amounts in the same way which is able to propose new commercial contracts in a foreign currency over a certain size. Secondly the benefit can be seen from having the treasury function in Budapest by increasing the ability of the centre to gross up exposures in one currency from several of the operating companies. Nevertheless the parent company in Florida is able to offer forward cover at market ra tes to the treasury function in Hungary thus it can retain its own decisions reflected in their local accounts. However the cost of hiring professionals working in local treasury function might cause extra expense but from a long term view this can be viewed as an investment opportunity in retaining skilled staff at local rates. From Hungaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s point of view there are certain benefits of attracting foreign investment such as EM to set up treasure functions within the country. As Copeland (2005) points out the labour market is a critical factor in determining how smoothly adjustment proceeds. Therefore at the pre-existing money wages when foreign prices increase the domestic production has to become more competitive because real wages are now lower than before. It is useful to improve the performance of local companies when competing against foreign companies. Conversely the value of investment in terms of direct investment or indirect investment means increasing o pportunities for jobs in the home country. This is valuable for Hungaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s labour market and decreases the rate of unemployment because of tax concessions for expatriate employees which drives EM towards preferring to employ more local workers in order to achieve the tax benefits offered by government policies. This is based on the reason of mobility of labour in that those who can not find jobs in the domestic economy will move abroad. As a result the domestic economy loses skilled and qualified labour. Thus it is believed that labour mobility prevents the need for exchange rate flexibility, (Eiteman, Stonehill Moffett, 1993). 7. What parties, if any might be harmed by the existence of regional treasury function like Expert Motors? In consideration of the macroeconomic environment the regional treasury function as a tool for companies like Expert Motor to administrate their foreign currency exposure have significant influences on the conditions within weaker currency countries. Firstly labour market conditions in those countries might be hurt because the comparatively cheap and convenient exploitation based on currency speculations from multinational companies like EM. In the short term it can be argued that it is good for local governments to improve their unemployment rates through foreign companies locating there yet in the longer run exploitation might cause a key segmentation of secondary markets much larger than the primary segmentation in the labour market. In other words the skill level of the employees is low which has a vital influence on the competitive capability of the domestic companies to compete in an international context. Torrington, Hall and Taylor (2005) argue that the numbers of people and skills available in a labour market as well as the complexity of employment regulation are significant elements in human resource decision making processes in a country. Secondly the treasury function in multinational trading c ompanies like EM might also have an influence on local monetary policies that might have adverse effect on central bank policies. In practice the types of monetary policy depend to a large extent on the character and political complexion of the central bank more than anything else (Lane, 2001). Therefore the relationship between US and European countries can have significant impacts on the operating process in regional treasury centres. Pressure from political authorities might de-emphasise role of central banks to some extent in order to maintain a more stable currency situation to attract long term foreign investment in particular in a global economic context. References Butler, K.C. (2000) Multinational Finance 2nd eidition, South-Western College Publishing, Cincinnati, OH Copeland, L. (2005) Exchange Rates and International Finance fourth edition, FT Prentice Hall, UK. Christou, C. (1992) National Monetary Policies and the European Monetary Union, Greek Economic Revi ew, August. Dixit, A. Pindyck, R. (1995) The Options Approach to Capital Investment, Harvard Business Review, May-June Eiteman, D.K., Stonehill, A.I. Moffett, M.H. (1993) Multinational Business Finance sixth edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, US. Heywood, J. (1984) Foreign Exchange and the Corporate Treasurer fourth edition, Adam Charles Black Publishers Ltd, London. Lane, P.(2001) The New Open Economy Macroeconomics: a Survey, Journal of International Economics, 54 (2) Pike, R. Neale, B. (2003) Corporate Finance and Investment: Decisions and Strategies 4TH edition, Prentice Hall, UK. Shapiro, A. (2003) Multinational Financial Management 7th edition, John-Wiley, London. Torrington, D., Hall, L. Taylor, S. (2005) Human Resource Management 6th edition, FT Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Limited, UK. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Finance in Expert Motor Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order

Factors That Affect The Water - 940 Words

Drag is a common force in the universe, and occurs in everyday life especially in water. Mr. Redman states that,† forward is a propelling force; drag is a force that hinders that motion† or is the force acting in opposition to the motion of an object. Parachutes are a great example of this force; when air is trapped in the nylon of a parachute, it creates drag slowing the velocity of the parachutist. Water drag is acted upon swimmers at all times. Hydrodynamics show that materials of the swimmers closely affect drag. Swimmers wear sleek swim caps, shave their body, and wear tightly fitted swimsuits all to reduce friction. Skill level and technique of a swimmer also affect drag resistance. â€Å"Water is 800 times denser than air, drag forces†¦show more content†¦Trucks experience air resistance due to their big and boxy frame. Air constantly pushes against the shipping containers. Engineers have found a way to combat such a force by adding large hoods or visors, in which the cab and trailer are connected. The back of the truck is built in a streamlined fashion, like a plane, to completely extinguish swirling air (Parola, 2000). Another example of drag is frictional forces. Trains, for example, use wheels to move along tracks. These wheels encounter friction when stopping. Metal on metal gains immense friction and may become hot. This drag is common among cars and other ground transportation. Engineers have looked to the future to solve this drag. MAGLEV trains are levitating trains that use magnets for propulsion. This way friction drag is eliminated, yet air resistance is still a factor. To cut down on air resistance, MAGLEV trains incorporate aerodynamic principles such as a slim line body to cut through air, that way the force of air is evenly distributed around the body. Drag also occurs in water called, fluid friction or fluid resistance. 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History 111 Essay Example For Students

History 111 Essay 1.Define Scalawags: Southerners willing to cooperate with the Republicans because they accepted the results of the war and to advance their own interests2.Define Carpetbaggers: Northerners who went to the South as idealists to help the freed slaves, as employees of the federal government, or more commonly as settlers hoping to improve themselves3.What is Sharecropping? A system of farm tenancy once common in some parts of the United States. In the United States the institution arose at the end of the Civil War out of the plantation system. Many planters had ample land but little money for wages. At the same time most of the former slaves were uneducated and impoverished. The solution was the sharecropping system, which continued the workers in the routine of cotton cultivation under rigid supervision. Economic features of the system were gradually extended to poor white farmers. The cropper brought to the farm only his own and his familys labor. Most other requirements-land, animals, equipment, and seed-were provided by the landlord, who generally also advanced credit to meet the living expenses of the cropper family. Most croppers worked under the close direction of the landlord, and he marketed the crop and kept accounts. Normally in return for their work they received a share (usually half) of the money realized. From this share was deducted the debt to the landlord. High interest charges, emphasis on production of a single cash crop, slipshod accounting, and chronic cropper irresponsibility were among the abuses of the system. Farm mechanization and a marked reduction in cotton acreage have virtually put an end to the system. 4.What is the Thirteenth Amendment? The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House on January 31, 1865, and ratified on December 6, 1865, abolished slavery as a legal institution. The Constitution, although never mentioning slavery by name, refers to slaves as such persons in Article I, Section 9 and a person held to service or labor in Article IV, Section 2. The Thirteenth Amendment, in direct terminology, put an end to this. The amendment states: Section 1: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2: Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 5.What is the Fourteenth Amendment? Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868. Article I, section 2, of the Constitution was modified by section 2 of the 14th amendment. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. Section 4. The validity of the public deb t of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Various Types of Yarn EssaySEC. 6. That upon the completion of said allotments and the patenting of the lands to said allottees, each and every member of the respective bands or tribes of Indians to whom allotments have been made shall have the benefit of and be subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of the State or Territory in which they may reside; . . .And every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States to whom allotments shall have been made under the provisions of this act, or under any law or treaty, and every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States who has voluntarily taken up, within said limits, his residence separate and apart from any tribe of Indians therein, and has adopted the habits of civilized life, is hereby declared to be a citizen of the United States, and is entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities of such citizens, whether said Indian has been or not, by birth or otherwise, a member of any tribe of Indians within the territorial limits of the United States without in any manner impairing or otherwise affecting the right of any such Indian to tribal or other property. 9.What were some of the problems families on the plains experienced? Poverty, Starvation, Indian attacks (guerrilla warfare)10. Define open-range ranching: own a piece of land with water, allowing cattle to roam eating grass on public land owned by everyone then the rancher turned the cattle into beefsteak and leather for a profit. 11.What was Barbed-Wire warfare? Fenced-in property fighting between cattlemen and farmers. 12.Define the Sherman Antitrust Act: Congress passed this act in 1890, and this is the source of all American anti monopoly laws. The law forbids every contract, scheme, deal, conspiracy to restrain trade. It also forbids conspirations to secure monopoly of a given industry. 13.Define the AFL: In 1881 representatives of workers organizations, meeting in Pittsburgh, formed the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions in the United States and Canada. In 1886 at another conference in Columbus, Ohio, this group reorganized as the American Federation of Labor. Opposed to the socialistic and political ideals of the Knights of Labor, the AFL was, instead, a decentralized organization recognizing the autonomy of each of its member national craft unions. Individual workers were not members of the AFL but only of the affiliated local or national union. From its inception the AFL emphasized organization of skilled workers into craft unions (composed of a single occupation such as painters or electricians), as opposed to industrial unions (where all the workers in the automobile or steel industry would belong to one union).